As if the physical hardships were not difficult enough, Hall found that his assistant, John Drouillard, posed an even greater challenge. The two men quickly came to despise each other. “I have lived in a perfect hell all winter,” Hall complained. “He abuses me with the most profane language a man can utter,  from no cause or provocation, and threatened to give me a thrashing.  I caught him asleep on his watch and since then, he has lived in one part of the house and I in the other.” The stalemate was not resolved until Hall received permission to fire Drouillard.

If the early years of the Outer Island station demonstrate how bad life can be when lighthouse occupants don’t get along, the reminiscences of a later keeper show a brighter side to island life. "It was like home out there,” recalled Vern Barningham, who tended the light in the 1940s. “It was cool and nice and quiet. All four families got along together. All the wives got along swell."

Two more lighthouses followed Outer Island on the extremities of the archipelago: Sand Island at the western edge of the chain, and Devils Island, on Wisconsin’s northernmost patch of ground. The small Sand Island light was built from stone quarried right on-site; the Victorian Gothic structure is a perennial favorite among lighthouse fans. The austere iron cylinder at Devils Island, by contrast, has been likened to a missile ready for launch, but its setting overlooking the island’s sea caves can’t be beat for dramatic beauty.

We know a great deal about daily life at the Sand Island lighthouse through the writings of a keeper’s wife. In 1895, Ella Luick arrived on the island as a teenaged bride. Keeper Emmanuel Luick was happy to let his young wife help with paperwork, and Ella used the station logbook as a personal diary. Its pages record her pleasure in picking strawberries and blackberries, her frustration with flies that sometimes became “terrible bad,” her anger at the hawk that ate her chickens. The logbook tells of one frightening day, when, alone at the lighthouse, she caught a finger in her sewing machine, piercing it through. “It was not very painful,” she reported, “but I fainted twice from nervousness.”

Ella Luick was neither delicate nor helpless. The log records numerous occasions when she stayed on the island to run the light while Emmanuel made overnight supply trips to the  mainland. Late in the 1901 season, when the keeper fell seriously ill, she  took over his duties for nearly three weeks, tending the lamp each night and caring for the station during the day, all while looking after her sick husband. Then, as the shipping season came to an end, she wrote proudly in the log, “Mrs. Luick inspected the Station.  Everything in order for the winter.”

Serving as de facto assistant keeper was not unusual for a lighthouse wife.  One observer commented, "I know of no other branch of the government in which the wife plays such an important part." While running homes and caring for children under arduous conditions, many lighthouse women also took turns filling lamps, trimming wicks, and watching the flame through the night. Occasionally, the Lighthouse Service recognized the worth of the wives’ labor and granted them the title of Assistant Keeper, with salary to match. Among the women so designated  were Anna Larson and Mary Snow at Raspberry Island, and Matilda Rumrill at Michigan Island. More typically, however, keeper’s wives received no pay for their work.

Resourceful as she was, Ella Luick could not overcome loneliness and boredom. One Independence Day she celebrated,  “firing off some fire crackers and torpedoes and having as good a time as was possible,” then lamented that the day was, “A very poor imitation of a Fourth.”

At the end of the 1898 season, impatient for the boat that would take her to the couple’s winter home, she complained, “I haven't anything whatever to do and time goes slowly.” Two days later, still waiting, she added,  “Mr. Luick hasn't anything to do, so he can help me do nothing.”

Ten years as a keeper’s wife was enough for Ella Luick. On May 19, 1905, a log entry in her husband’s hand says simply, “Mrs. Ella Luick left for Bayfield on Steamer Barker at 6 PM.”

She never returned to the island, or her husband, again.

Emmanuel Luick married again several years later, and had four children with his second wife. One was born at the lighthouse, with only the father to attend the delivery; another died on the island, taken ill during a storm that kept medical aid out of reach. The Luicks were not alone in either their joy or sorrow: several births were recorded at the lighthouses over the years, and several deaths as well.

If lighthouse life could be tough on grownups, children seemed to thrive in the island environment. The recollections of keeper’s sons and daughters often echo the words of Grant Kirkendall, whose father served at Michigan Island: “There always seemed to be things to do... Playing pirate, frontier scout, swimming, hunting agates, or just walking through the woods or along the beach. Although there might not be other children around, if you had an active imagination, you were never alone.”

Typically, wives and children would leave the islands when school began on the mainland. The most trying times for keepers would start soon, as autumn storms gave way to winter. Occasionally a keeper would stay on the island after navigation shut down, but usually Lighthouse Service tenders like the Marigold and the Amaranth would pick them up just before the ice closed in. In December 1918, the lake froze so quickly that no boat could get through in time to relieve the stations, and the Devils Island keepers were forced to walk eighteen miles across the windswept  ice to reach the mainland.

Although the light stations were built to lessen the chances that shipwrecks would occur, the hazards of navigation on Lake Superior resulted in numerous occasions when keepers would take an even more active role in aiding distressed mariners. At times, their actions were nothing short of heroic. In 1885, the steamer Prussia caught fire on the open lake off the tip of Sand Island. Lighthouse keeper Charles Lederle rowed a small boat several miles out to the burning vessel and single-handedly rescued the entire crew.

What may have been the worst day in the history of the Apostle Islands began at Sand Island only a few months after Ella Luick departed. Early on a stormy morning in September 1905, Emmanuel Luick heard a distress signal from a vessel close to shore. He climbed the lighthouse tower in time to watch the steamer Sevona break in two as it struck a hidden shoal. Passengers and crew tried frantically to reach shore on lifeboats and improvised rafts. Seventeen survived, but Luick was helpless to aid seven who perished.

Meanwhile, a similar tragedy was unfolding elsewhere in the archipelago. Just a few hours after the Sevona foundered, the schooner-barge Pretoria broke apart off Outer Island. Abandoning ship, the crew of ten nearly reached shore, but were tossed into the water when their lifeboat capsized. Sixty-one year old keeper John Irvine waded repeatedly into the surf to pull gasping men to safety; thanks to his efforts, five survived.

In recent years, advances in technology have made such disasters rare on the Great Lakes. Progress has brought change to the lighthouses as well, eliminating the need for resident keepers. In 1921, Sand Island was the first Apostles light converted to automatic operation, with an acetylene lamp controlled by a valve that responded to the sun’s warmth. Organizational shifts brought profound changes, too. The Lighthouse Service was abolished in 1939, and its functions transferred to the U.S. Coast Guard. As civilian keepers retired, their places were taken by young Coast Guardsmen, and the former homes of lighthouse families assumed the air of military posts.

It took a long time, but one by one the keepers’ dwellings were shuttered across the archipelago. The last manned station, Devils Island, was automated in 1978. Left unoccupied in the harsh environment, the buildings inevitably suffered.

With the establishment of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, ownership of the lighthouses passed to the National Park Service. Coast Guardsmen still visit the towers once or twice a year to service the solar-powered lamps, but Park Service employees and volunteers maintain the buildings and guide visitors around the sites.

Caring for historic lighthouses is a big job, and taxes the park’s resources, but the agency has made steady progress preserving the sites. Few tasks have been bigger than the one the N.P.S. tackled in 2002. Engineering studies showed that erosion of the cliff below the Raspberry Island lighthouse had begun to present a serious threat to the site. If nothing were done to halt the process, the building might be lost within as little as ten years. The Outer Island light faced a comparable, though less immediate, threat. Plans call for a multi-faceted erosion control strategy, combining construction of  revetments at the base of the cliff and slope stabilization through the planting of carefully selected vegetation.

The light stations of the Apostle Islands hold many stories from all the years they’ve guided sailors on the waters of the world’s greatest lake. It’s encouraging to think that, with the proper care, the lighthouses will be around to tell their tales for a long time to come.

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